FOOD
Fruit
People think fruit is that fleshy edible part of a plant that falls off a tree or vine, you know apples, apricots, peaches, plums, pears, grapes, etc But the botanical definition is much broader.
In botany , a nut is defined as a dry, one seed fruit that has a hard woody shell and does not naturally split open to release the seed at maturity
- True Nuts (Fruits):
- Chestnuts, Hazelnuts, Pecans, Walnuts, Acorns all enclosed in a husk.
Those that are not nuts (drupes or legumes):- Almonds, Cashews, Pistachios, Marula, Macadamia, Brazil, Coconuts, are drupes - seeds enclosed in a fleshy fruit.
- Pine nuts are seeds from cone not a nut
- Peanuts: Peanuts are actually legumes (seeds from a pod) and not true nuts.
- Botanically, a fruit is defined as the mature ovary of a flowering plant that contains seeds.
- Most Nuts (Chestnuts, hazelnuts, pecans, acorns)
- Drupes ( almonds, Cashews, Macadamias, chestnuts)
- Grains (rice , wheat , corn, wheat, oats are fruit called a caryopsis, )
- Berries ( Strawberries, blackberries, mulberries and raspberries, are aggregate fruits,)
- leguminous (pod) fruits (beans , peas, chickpeas, Lupins, Carob, Tamarind, Peanuts, Alfalfa and Clover - seeds inside pods, which open up when ripe.
Peanuts: are legumes which grow underground and develop in pods, not from trees - Some vegetables like Tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers
Eves apple
Speaking of Fruit , most people think an apple was the forbidden fruit Eve ate in the Garden of Eden. But the bible never specified what type of fruit. Nor did the bible say what type of serpent made her eat the fruit. One reason for this association is that the Latin word for apple, malum, also means "evil" or "bad," leading to a linguistic play that connected the fruit with the concept of sin.
Genises 3
Diet doesnt mean to loose weight - it means what food are you eating/living on.
ANIMALS
Bats are NOT blind - as they have eyes -its just not their primary navigating sense.
Goats often have only one horn real unicorms
Solar System
How people think the solar system looks versus how it actually looks (ie our sun and revolving planets). This is because the sun is not stationary , the sun itself is following a orbit thru space. Which gives rise to an interesting fact that you are never in the same place in space in any two different moments even when standing still.
https://www.facebook.com/reel/606344292196325
We always see the same side of the moon , but the moon does rotate. Its that its rotation period is the same as its orbital period around Earth, leading to a phenomenon called synchronous rotation , where we always see the same side of the moon. With different places on earth seeing a different side of the moon.
INVENTIONS
It should be no surprise the 3 largest economys in the world have the most patents - by size Japan, USA and China patents records
Light bulb
Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the light bulb but he was the first to patent a commercially successful version of it. Like many inventions theres many precursors to the more famous lasting ones.
Who invented the lightbulb?
The original incandescant light bulbs first invented are considered to have a short and set lifespan of 1000 hours but this is untrue.
The Centennial Light Bulb is the world's longest burning light bulb is located in
In 1925 major lightbulb manufacturers including Osram and Philips incorporated the Phoebus Carte in Geneva to solve the problem. (Phoebus refers to Apollo the sun god and therefore light.) The manufacturers agreed to reduce the life of their lightbulbs from an average of 2500 hours to 1000 hours and increase prices.
HUMANS
Your fingernails grow faster in the summer than in winter due to increased blood circulation.
People with red hair may need up to 20% more anesthesia because of their unique genetics.
The intestinal lining renews itself every 2-4 weeks to handle constant wear from digestion.
Humans are thought to be the only species that blush, a unique social response.
Humans are the only species apart from dolphins that go through menopause.
Your tongue has a unique pattern, like a fingerprint, called a tongue print.
The brain constantly "eats" its own cells (phagocytosis) to maintain itself.
Your lungs are different sizes; the left lung is smaller to make space for the heart.
The human body sheds about 30,000-40,000 skin cells every hour, resulting in about 4 kg of skin loss a year.
The entire surface of your skin replaces approximately every month.
Your blood vessels, laid end to end, could circle Earth multiple times.
The heart beats over 3 billion times on average during a lifetime.
People mix gender with sex when talking about humans
Sex is the physical characteristics of being male or female human
Gender is the role a human plays in society relative to sex . It is a social construct and can be whatever one chooses.
Nor is male and female sex is binary because its not set by physical characteristics or sex organs for the animal world nor humans.
Which Ive written about here in what is male and female
Myth: Kamasutra is all about sex - Fact: only 20% of Kamasutra talks about sex. The rest 80% talks about emotional fulfilment, love and life.
Men dont cheat that much more than women in relationships -
According to the 2022 General Social Survey (GSS), 20% of men and 13% of women admitted to infidelity. Additionally, 67% of men and 53% of women who cheated on their spouse did so more than once, per the Truth About Deception. Other studies reference that percentage difference being 23% of men and 20% of women.
The myth that humans only use 10% of their brains is false; we use all parts of our brain, though different areas are more active at different times, and brain scans show that even simple activities require significant brain activity.
MEDICAL
Schizophrenia
People think having Schizophrenia is having two personalitys but thats not correct. the term Schizophrenia comes from greek words splitting and mind , it indicates a splitting of Mental function. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterised by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responses and social reactions, often leading to a loss of contact with reality, and typically beginning in late adolescence or early childhood.
Dyslexia
Not all people with dyslexia reverse letters
Reversing letters or mirror writing isn't necessarily a sign of dyslexia. Some kids with dyslexia have trouble with it, but many don't. In fact, most kids who reverse letters before age 7 end up not having dyslexia.
Dyslexia is a learning difference that affects the way the brain processes language. It is estimated that 1 in 5 people have dyslexia to some degree, making it a common variation in how individuals learn. People with dyslexia may experience challenges with decoding, reading fluency, and comprehension. However, dyslexia is not linked to intelligence and can affect people of all ages and backgrounds.
Approximately 15-20% of the global population has dyslexia
THE EARTH
- The concept of a spherical Earth emerged in ancient Greece, with philosophers like Pythagoras and Aristotle proposing it based on observations like the circular shadow cast by the Earth during a lunar eclipse.
- Around 240 BC, Eratosthenes, a Greek scientist, even calculated the Earth's circumference with remarkable accuracy, further solidifying the idea of a spherical Earth. Eratosthenes's calculation was remarkably accurate, with an estimated circumference of around 250,000 stadia, which, depending on the length of the stadium used, translates to roughly 40,000 kilometers (24,855 miles).
- Ptolemy, a Hellenistic astronomer and geographer, built upon these ideas, and his maps and writings, which were widely circulated in the Middle Ages, further promoted the concept of a spherical Earth.
- While Columbus knew the Earth was round, he underestimated its size, believing it to be much smaller than it actually is. When Columbus reached the Caribbean he believed he reached India and named the indigenous. The term "New World" gained further traction after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci published his accounts exploration of the lands. Later cartographers named it America , an Latinised feminine version of Amerigo.
On maps Africa and south america are much bigger than on standard maps which make countries closer to north pole appear larger than they are.
Moon and Tides . tides are higher at full moon because the sun adds gravity.
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/hTTLOvQ5f-8
The earth is not a perfect round sphere (ball) , its a oblate spheroid as its wider at the equator than the poles due to spinning.
The Sahara desert getting 3 inches of rain per year is not the worlds biggest nor driest desert. Antarctic is the biggest desert, while Atacama desert (South America) is the driest only averaging 1mm per year.
Mt Everest is not technically the tallest mountain , while it is the tallest mountain from sea level at 29000 feet . Measured from the base Maunu Kea is tallest with much under water . While Mt Chimborazo in Ecuador is 8500 feet shorter than Everest measured from sea level ,it is the tallest measured from the centre of the earth reaching furtherest into space ( being 4000 miles from the centre with Everest being 1.3 miles shorter) because its close to the equator .
Glaciers hold 3 times the amount of fresh water lakes do.
The worlds biggest/largest lake depends on how you measure largest. Lake Baikal, located in southern Siberia, Russia, is the deepest and largest (by volume) freshwater lake in the world. It is also one of the oldest lakes, estimated to be about 25 million years old. The lake contains about 20% of the world's unfrozen freshwater reserves. It is 1637 m deep and covers 31,000 km2 and holds 23,000 cubic km of fresh water. The world's 2nd deepest and 2nd largest freshwater lake by volume is Lake Tanganyika , located in Central Africa. Lake Superior , a freshwater lake located in North America is ranked third largest by volume, however its claim is being the largest freshwater lake in the word by surface area.
STATES
As mentioned in word meanings country means land. word meanings
Britain and the UK
There is no sovereign state called “Britain.” Instead, “Britain” is a shortened name for the Kingdom of Great Britain, which was formed by the Acts of Union in 1707. This union brought together England (including Wales, which had been annexed earlier) and Scotland under one kingdom, covering the island of Great Britain. The name “Britain” originated after the Roman conquest in 43 AD, when the island was made the Roman province of Britannia. Roman Britannia included most of modern England and Wales, as well as southern Scotland, but it never extended to Ireland or the northern parts of Scotland beyond Hadrian’s Wall. Before Roman times, the island was known as Albion by the Greeks and as Pretanī by its Celtic inhabitants.
The Romans called Ireland “Hibernia,” a name derived from the Greek geographer Ptolemy, who referred to the island as Iouernia. This term was later Latinized, and because it sounded similar to the Latin word hibernus (meaning “wintry”), the Romans came to associate Hibernia with the idea of a “land of winter.”
The Gaelic word Éire means “Ireland” and is the official name of the country in the Irish language. It derives from the Old Irish Ériu, which likely comes from the Proto-Celtic ɸīweriyū, meaning “fertile soil.”
The present-day United Kingdom (UK) is formally called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This title was established by the Acts of Union in 1800, which united Great Britain and Ireland under a single government, replacing and superseding the Kingdom of Great Britain as a sovereign state.
Germany, Australia , Canada and USA are all united states , and federations.
Australia is not technically the biggest island, Greenland is- because islands are considered land bodies surrounded by water , smaller than continents and Australia is a continent.
Amsterdam is the city with the most canals in world followed by Birmingham , followed by Vienna.
While the majority of European countries are republics with about 12 monarchies in Europe (excluding ex colonial British countries of Australia, Canada and NZ), 10 of which are constitutional , monarchies and hence liberal democracies. Meaning all of the western and European countries are liberal democracies except 2 . Yet only just over half of the worlds countries are considered democratic here
TIME
The abreviations - am = ante-meridian and pm is post-meridian
While BC = Before Christ and A.D. is short for Anno Domini = latin for “the year of our Lord,”
Modern Calender
Babylonians - around 4000 bc the babylonians named 7 days of the week because they thought there was 7 celestial bodies , 5 planets and sun and lunar (moon) The first two days of the week—our Sunday and Monday—were ruled by the Sun and the Moon. The next five were ruled by the planets.
Greeks around the 12th century BC, the ancient Greek civilization grew in prominence, and they adopted the Babylonian system of marking time. They continued to recognize the prominence of the sun and the moon, calling two days of the week hemera helio (day of the Sun) and hemera selenes (day of the Moon). Instead of naming the other five days after planets though, they named the days in honor of their gods.
They named Tuesday for Ares, their savage god of war; Wednesday, for Hermes, the messenger of the gods, a trickster, and the god of commerce. Thursday they named for Zeus, god of the sky and thunder, and king of all other gods and men. Friday they named for Aphrodite, goddess of love. Saturday was named for Kronos, son of the creators of the universe,
Romans In the first century BC, the Roman Empire began to emerge. The Romans used the same seven-day system as the Greeks. And they considered the Greek gods to be the same as their own gods, simply called by different names. For example, the Romans looked at the Greek god of the sea, Poseidon, and were like, “Oh, that’s the same as our god of the sea, Neptune. He’s so powerful, people worship him everywhere, even though they call him by a different name.”
Tuesday, they called dies Martis, replacing the Greek god of war Ares with their own god, Mars. Wednesday became dies Mercurii, with Mercury taking the place of Hermes. Thursday became dies Jovis, named for Jove (also known as Jupiter), the Roman equivalent to Greek head honcho Zeus. Friday became dies Veneris, named for Venus, the Roman’s version of Aphrodite, goddess of love.
For Saturday, perhaps feeling that Kronos was a challenging guy to honor, the Romans took a different tack. They named it for Saturn, father of Jupiter, god of agriculture, and namesake to the Saturnalia festival, a celebration in which masters and slaves traded places for a few wonderful days.
The Romans continued the tradition of honoring the sun and the moon above all else, calling Sunday “dies Solis” and Monday “dies Lunae.”Emperor Constantine, a convert to Christianity, was concerned about ongoing worship of the sun and sun gods. So he changed the name of “Sunday” to “dominicus,” literally “the Lord’s Day.” He decreed that it should be the first day of the week, and a day of rest and worship.
Anglo Saxosn - At the end of the 4th century AD, the Roman Empire fell, and Anglo-Saxon tribes began their conquest of Britain and Wales. Renamed the days of to their gods.
Sunday, dies solis, became “Sonnandæg” in Old English. Monday changed from “dies Lunae” to Monandæg, as the Latin “luna” was swapped out for the Old English word for moon, “mōna.”
Dies Martis became “Tiwesdæg,” as the Anglo-Saxons replaced the Roman god Mars with the Norse god Tyr, god of war and upholder of law and justice. Tyr was also known as “Tiu” or “Tiw,” which led to the name “Tiwesdæg”—and today’s “Tuesday.”
For Wednesday, the Anglo-Saxons decided to raise the whole thing another level. They replaced the trickster Mercury with Odin, the Allfather, creator of the universe, god of war, and god of poetry. Odin was also known as “Wodan,” which explains the odd spelling of this day of the week. In Old English, it was “Wodnesdæg”—literally—Wodan’s day.” Today, it’s Wednesday.
They named Thursday after everyone’s favorite Avenger: Thor, god of Thunder, and counterpart to the Roman Jupiter.
For Friday, they replaced Venus with Freya (also known as Frigg or Frigga), sorceress, wife of Odin, and goddess of love and beauty. The Old English “Frigadæg” evolved over time into “Friday.”
Apparently the Anglo-Saxons were happy enough to honor a god of agriculture, because they continued to recognize Saturn on the last day of the week. In Old English, they called it “Saeternsdæge.” In other words, “Saturday.”
All early calenders were lunar calenders created for keeping track of days for planting and harvesting in agriculture .
The original Roman calender was a lunar one and so was the Hebrew and Chinese , Islamic ones
Before 713 BC, the original Roman calendar had only 10 months in a year, with March being originally the first month.
With 61 days in the middle ignored being winter when nothing happens..
Original 10-Month Calendar:
·
March
(Martius):
Named after Mars, the Roman god of war, as it was
the start of the campaigning season.
·
April
(Aprilis):
Possibly derived from the Latin word
"aperire" meaning "to open," referring to the opening buds
of springtime, or potentially related to the Etruscan goddess Apru.
·
May
(Maius):
May be named after Maia, a goddess of growing
plants, or potentially derived from archaic terms for "senior".
·
June
(Junius):
Named after Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage and
childbirth.
·
July
(Quintilis):
Originally called "Quintilis" meaning
"fifth", it was renamed after Julius Caesar in 44 BC.
·
August
(Sextilis):
Originally called "Sextilis" meaning
"sixth", it was renamed after Augustus in 8 BC.
· September, October, November, December:
These months were originally the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months, with names derived from the Latin words for those numbers (septem, octo, novem, decem).
According to the history of Rome by Titus Livy,
King Numa Pompilius, the next successor of Rome after Romulus, had added the
months January and February, in order for the calendar to cove a lunar year.
The Roman months got their month names from a
mix of sources: deities, Roman rulers, and numbers, with the original Roman
calendar having only 10 months, starting with March, and later expanded to 12.
Expansion to 12 Months:
- January (Ianuarius): Named
after Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and transitions.
- February (Februarius): Believed to stem from Februa, an ancient festival dedicated to ritual springtime cleaning and washing.
· The Julian Calendar (46 BC):
Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar to address the issues of the
old Roman calendar.
·
It was a solar calendar, meaning it was based on the sun's yearly cycle.
·
It included a leap year every four years, which helped to align the
calendar with the seasons.
·
The Julian calendar was used for over 1,600 years, becoming the
predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and much of the Western world.
·
The Julian calendar had a slight error in the length of the year, causing
the calendar to drift out of sync with the seasons over time.
·
The
Gregorian Calendar (1582):
Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar to address the inaccuracies of the Julian calendar
.
🌐 Internet vs. World Wide Web: What's the Difference?
The Internet is the global network of computers and servers. It enables data exchange through protocols like TCP/IP. It was developed mainly in the U.S., particularly by:
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), a U.S. Department of Defense project in the late 1960s.
U.S. universities, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), and other federal agencies expanded and evolved this network in the 1970s–80s.
By the early 1990s, it had become the global "internet" infrastructure we know today.
The World Wide Web, however, is a service that runs on top of the internet. It was invented in 1989–1990 by Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist working at CERN, a European research institute in Switzerland.
He created HTML, URLs, and the HTTP protocol—building blocks of the Web.
The first web browser (WorldWideWeb, later Nexus) was also his work.
The Web made the internet accessible and user-friendly to the general public, starting the “browser era” with tools like Mosaic, Netscape, and Internet Explorer.
Wi-Fi technology
Is largely credited to a team of Australian researchers led by Dr. John O'Sullivan at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in the early 1990s. Their work on radio astronomy and signal processing laid the foundation for the wireless technology that became Wi-Fi.
Wi-Fi is indeed internationally recognized as one of Australia's major scientific and technological achievements, enabling the modern era of high-speed, always-on wireless connectivity.
If you'd like, I can help you expand on this or provide more details!
OTHER
--The word ‘Jihad’ means ‘to struggle or to strive’ usually implying an effort to achieve excellence. It does not imply ‘Holy War’. Nor does the Qu’ran promise martyrs 72 Virgins in Heaven . The concept comes from certain hadiths and interpretations of those hadiths vary.
-- X-mas . 'X' comes from the Greek letter Chi, whihc is the first letter of the greek word Christos (Ancient Greek: Χριστός, romanized: Khristós, lit. 'anointed, covered in oil'), which became Christ in English. The suffix -mas is from the Latin-derived Old English word for Mass.
-- Based on calculations, Napoleon was just under 5 feet 6 inches tall. The average for a Frenchman in the early 18th century was slightly over 5 feet 5 inches, according to a working paper published in 2005 by researchers John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella. (Bonaparte was born in 1769).
-- A leaf is a single sheet of paper , which can have 2 pages with a page being one side of a leaf/sheet of paper
-- The Caspian Sea not a sea or a lake . It is a salt water body that doesnt drain to the sea. Its not a sea or a lake and has a unique legal status as defined by the 2018 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, which was signed by the five riparian states: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. This convention establishes a special legal regime for the Caspian Sea, neither defining it as a sea nor a lake, but rather as an endorheic basin. Here's a more detailed breakdown: Special Legal Status: The convention recognizes a "special legal status" for the Caspian Sea, distinct from traditional maritime or lake law, according to Norton Rose Fulbright. Endorheic Basin: The convention identifies the Caspian Sea as an endorheic basin, meaning it's a closed drainage basin without any outlet to the ocean. Territorial Waters and Fishing Zones: The convention defines territorial waters extending up to 15 nautical miles from the shore and an exclusive fishing zone extending up to 10 nautical miles. Common Waters: The area beyond the 15-mile territorial waters and 10-mile fishing zone is considered common waters, open to all littoral states. No Foreign Military Presence: The convention prohibits foreign military forces from entering the Caspian Sea, according to a report on Redalyc.org. Bilateral Agreements: The convention also addresses issues like seabed resource exploitation, which are often resolved through bilateral agreements between the Caspian states.
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