OCCUPATION TIMELINE OF PALESTINE from prehistory until 1949
note- some of this prehistory is contentious and varys especially the early history specially as it relies on the Torah and bible.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine
The rest I have taken information mostly from Britannic and Wikipedia [as they are considered neutral but also have links to other pages] and other similar pages like History.com.
c. 250,000 – c. 48,000 BCE The Middle Palaeolithic period is represented in the Levant by the Mousterian culture, known from numerous sites (both caves and open-air sites) through the region. (nomadic)
c. 20,000 – c. 9,500 cal. BCE;The Epipalaeolithic period , also known as Mesolithic period, (nomadic)
9500 BCE cultivation of wheat fertile crescent, Göbekli Tepe built northern levant (Turkey) and neo-lithic (new stoneage) begins. People became sedentary, living in small villages
8500 BCE sheep and goats domesticated in Fertile Crescent, including the Sumerians. Its area covers what are now southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, and parts of Turkey and Iran
6500BCE The major periods in Sumerian history were the Ubaid period (6500-4100 BCE), the Uruk period (4100-2900 BCE), the Early Dynastic period (2900-2334 BCE), the Akkadian Empire period (2334 – 2218 BCE), the Gutian period (2218-2047 BCE), Sumerian Renaissance/Third Dynasty of Ur (2047-1940 BCE), and then decline.
5900 BCE start of copper age fertile crescent
c4500- 4000 BCE Sumer aka Sumeria estalished.
c. 3500 BC The first Eblaite kingdom has been described as the first recorded world power. Starting as a small settlement in the Early Bronze Age - at its peak 2300BCE until destroyed
3200 BCE, is the accepted date at which history "begins" when written records begin . Archaeologists have discovered written records in Egypt from as early as 3200 BCE. At the same time Cuneiform written records on clay tablets is developed by Sumerians in Mesopotamia (but its not a language) who are controlling that area.
3rd millennium BCE [early to mid] (the Early Bronz Age).the oldest attested forms of Semitic language date from here .Speakers of East Semitic include the people of the Akkadian Empire, Ebla, Assyria, Babylonia, the latter two of which eventually switched to East Aramaic and perhaps Dilmun. Central Semitic combines the Northwest Semitic languages and Arabic. Speakers of Northwest Semitic were the Canaanites (including the Phoenicians, Punics, Amorites, Edomites, Moabites and the Hebrews), Arameans and the Ugarites. South Semitic peoples include the speakers of Modern South Arabian languages and Ethiopian Semitic languages.
c2750 BCE Canaan as major state established , here here.
2300BCE Akkad Empire
2004 BCE Elamites conquer Sumeria but get absorbed into Amorite culture.
c. 1764 BCE Amorite empire . showing various Amorite states (Yamhad, Qatna, Mari, Andarig, Babylon and Eshnunna) and Assyria .
1200 - 1150 BCE collapse of the Bronze age, here. including Canaan.
1208BC The name "Israel" first appears in the Merneptah Stele c. 1208 BCE: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity, well enough established for the Egyptians to perceive it as a possible challenge, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state.
1200–332 BCE, Iron age
1175 BCE The Philistines originated as an immigrant or invading group from the Aegean (Greece) that settled in Canaan south coast c1175 BCE.
c1021–1000 BCE Kingdom of israel formed under King Saul to fight off the better Philistine army.[according to later israelite Torah writings, which are unproven, here].
922 BCE Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah formed. [according to later israelite Torah writings, which are unproven, here. After revolting southern israel splits off forming Kingdom of Judah while the Philistines still occupied its southern coast ]
722 BCE The Assyrians [Arabs] conquered the region in the 8th century BCE, the ancient Assyrian heartland (red), city founded 2600 BCE and the extent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BC (orange) . Israel was destroyed and Judah became a client state of Neo-Assyria.
597BCE the Babylonians conquer Palestine and Jerusalem .
587 BCE another rebellion against the Babylonians, which was brutally crushed by Nebuchadnezzar.in a second siege of Jerusalem culminated in the destruction of the city and First Temple, bringing an end to the Kingdom of Judah.[
Historians differ when the Torah (1st 5 books of the 1st testament in bible) was written but put it after the Babylonian conquest,
either during the Babylonian Exile (6th–5th century BCE)" according to Britannica, here
0r Persian period (539-333 BCE). while Some scholars would place its final compilation somewhat later, however, in the Hellenistic period (333–164 BCE). Initially it had no authors but by 1st c CE had been attributed to Moses" , according to wikipedia here.
5th century BCE (500-401BCE) The term "Palestine" first appeared , when the ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê" between Phoenicia and Egypt in The Histories. here
333BCE Alexander the Great [Greek] conquered the Persian Empire in the , beginning a long period of Hellenization in the region.
170–168 BCE Seleucid king Antiochus IV (r. 175–164) sacked Jerusalem and its Temple, suppressing Jewish and Samaritan religious and cultural observances,[6][9
167 BC Maccabean uprising wiki
140 BCE to 37 BCE. the Hasmonean Kingdom conquered most of Palestine and parts of neighboring regions but the kingdom gradually became a vassal of Rome,
63 BCE Rome invaded and annexed the area .Roman Judea was troubled by large-scale Jewish revolts, which Rome answered with by destroying Jerusalem and the Second Jewish Temple 70BCE.
66–73 BCE First Jewish–Roman War
37 to 4 BCE. Herod the Great, an Arab from Petra (modern day Jordan) raised as Jew, ruled .
c 93–94 AD The extant manuscripts of the book Antiquities of the Jews, written by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus around.
c. AD 116 AD The Roman historian and senator Tacitus referred to Jesus, his execution by
132 AD The Bar Kokhba revolt (2nd Jewish-roman war) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea,against the Roman Empire ending in failure and harsh reprisals and jewish disporia (dispersal). Romans renamed the province Syria Palaestina to desroy any link between israelites and the land fully.
200 AD to 400AD Hebrew ceased to be a regular spoken language
330 AD The
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/4KBYZ.gif
From the 5min mark The Plague of Justinian : Procopius' account
555AD the Byzantine empire was at its peak
610 CE Islam emerges initiating muslem conquests
636–641 CE, Muslim conquest of the Levant by Rashidun Caliphate followed by several Muslim ruling dynasties succeeded each other as they wrestled control of Palestine: the Rashiduns; the Umayyads, who built the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem; the Abbasids; the semi-independent Tulunids and the Ikhshidids; the Fatimids; and the Seljuks.
Arab muslim conquests timeline gif here
1089-1090 violence against jews in (christian) England
1096-1099 CE, the Christian Crusades begin and the Crusaders established the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine,
Jews and Arabs fought together against the Crusades and Jews elsewhere suffered here . A group of Crusaders, led by the notorious Count Emicho, carried out a series of massacres of Jews in various towns in the Rhineland in 1096.
c1118 Knights Templar founded to defend Kingdom of Jerusalem and protect travellers.
1187-1191 CE The Arab Ayyubid Sultanate reconquered Jerusalem and much of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
1229-1239 Jersualem in christian hands with a treaty with Ayyubids.
1250 CE The Egyptian Mamluks [Sunni Islam] invasion of the Mongol Empire,reunified Palestine under its control except for the brief Mongol raids of 1260 and 1300 CE Mongol Raids into Palestine that did not touch Jerusalem.
1290CE Entire Jewish population expelled from (Christian) England by Edward 1 , here
1291CE Last christian city of Acre falls to Mamluk Sultan Khalil, ends Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1516 CE the Ottoman Empire conquered the region and ruled it as Ottoman Syria largely undisrupted through to 1918. [Sunni Muslim Islamic Caliphate].
Ottoman Empire conquests timeline gif, here.
Turkeys current right wing prime minister denouncing Israels genocide. here.
This 20 min video lays who has been in control of Jerusalem, which is more or less the same as Palestine itself, here . It is good to see it on continuous timeline and has a bit more detail of the lesser years . Thou i would argue his starting point is 100 years to early on known history of Judah and Jerusalem to which he himself says . If you reduced Israelites control (Judah) by 100 years its puts it on par with Arab control . He also says Israelite control ended in 587 but Judah where Jerusalem is was located was a puppet state of Babylon until 587 so i would argue not exactly in control which is why ive said about 200 years , so you could argue 100 years less than Arab control (of Palestine).
HOW DID ISRAEL COME TO RE-EXIST after ceasing too 2700 years earlier ?
1580s Advocacy of the restoration of Palestine as a national homeland for the Jews was first heard among self-identified Christian groups in the 1580s following the Protestant Reformation. here.
1653 Oliver Cromwell encouraged Jews to return to England. here .
1753 The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 was an Act of Parliament which allowed Jews resident in Britain to become naturalised by application to Parliament. It received royal assent on 7 July 1753 but was repealed in 1754 due to opposition.
1789 - late 1800s Nationalism and nation-state as an idea comes into being after the French revolution. . here
The French give jews citizenship of the new Republic of France.
1841 A mission of inquiry sent by the Church of Scotland to Palestine issued a Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the Restoration of the Jews to Palestine, and called on them to take on the mantle of Cyrus and restore the people of Israel to their native land. here
The Ottoman Empire separates the district from Damascus Eyalet and placed directly under Constantinople.
1843 Phrase "a land without people for a people without land" first used by a Christian clergyman and Christian Restorationist, Rev. Alexander Keith, D.D., appeared in 1843, when he wrote that the Jews are "a people without a country; even as their own land, as subsequently to be shown, is in a great measure a country without a people". here.
The Jewish question, also referred to as the Jewish problem, was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century Europe that pertained to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews. Answered in The Jewish Question ,a 1843 book by German historian and theologian Bruno Bauer, here where he argued for emancipation Jews had to give up their religion of Judaism. Marx answerd it in 1943 also here. Abram Leon also wrote about it in 1843 in "The Jewish Question" .
1865 The Palestine Exploration Fund , a British society based in London, founded.
1872 The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872. The district encompassed Jerusalem as well as Hebron, Jaffa, Gaza and Beersheba. During the late Ottoman period, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, together with the Sanjak of Nablus and Sanjak of Akka (Acre), formed the region that was commonly referred to as "Palestine". It was the 7th most heavily populated region of the Ottoman Empire's 36 provinces. here
1879 The false term anti-Semitism was coined by German publicist Wilhelm Marr . here
1881 The Lovers of Zion, (also Hovevei Zion or Hibbat Zion) were a variety of proto-Zionist organizations founded.
The assassination of Tsar Alexander II on 13 March triggers the Russia pogroms in the Pale of Settlement (Poland , Lithuiania, Belarus, Ukraine, here).
The First Aliyah , also known as the agriculture Aliyah, was a major wave of Jewish immigration (aliyah) to Ottoman Syria between 1881 and 1903.
In 1881 Ben-Yehuda joined the First Aliyah and immigrated to Palestine, then ruled by the Ottoman Empire, and settled in Jerusalem and set about creating a new modern version of Hebrew to replace all the other languages spoken by the immigrating jes . His son becomes the first Israeli born to speak hebrew.
1882 Foundation of the first Zionist settlement, Rishon LeZion.
1885 Coinage of the term Zionism by Nathan Birnbaum, meaning “the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine”.
1891 The Jewish Colonization Association (JCA or ICA) was founded by Bavarian philanthropist Baron Maurice de Hirsch in 1891 to help Jews from Russia and Romania to settle in Argentina. Baron de Hirsch died in 1896 and thereafter the JCA began to also assist the Jewish settlement in Palestine.
1896 Theodor Herzl writes "The Jewish State" to begin campaigning for jewish homeland. Download and read the book here
Theodore Herzl visits Constantinople to meet Sultan Hamid to discuss buying Palestine land from Ottoman Empire but is denied appointment. here . Herzel writes in his diary what the Sultan or Sultans chief told his Herzls aide ;
1897 Nathan Birnbaum and Theodor Herzl organise the First Zionist Congress held and established the "World Zionist Organization" a political Zionism organisation .
"Jews" at that time made up 3% of the total population , 5% if you included immigrants.
1899 The Jewish Colonial Trust was the first bank. It was founded at the and incorporated in on March 20, 1899.
1901 Israel Zangwill, who was initially Zionist but soon became a prominent Anti-Zionist ,and advocate of assimilationism, was one of the most prolific users of the phrase. In 1901 in the New Liberal Review, Zangwill wrote that "Palestine is a country without a people; the Jews are a people without a country"
The Jewish National Fund a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Syria (later Mandatory Palestine.
1903 August, the founding father of Zionism, Theodor Herzl, proposed British East Africa as a safe haven for Jews, speaking at the Sixth Zionist Congress called the “Uganda scheme,” .
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , is a fabricated text purporting to detail a Jewish plot for global domination. Largely plagiarized from several earlier sources, it was first published in Imperial Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. It played a key part in popularizing belief in an international Jewish conspiracy.
1903-1906 Another pogrom against "jews" in Russia .
1905 At the 7th zionist congress the year after Herzl dies they chose Palestine as homeland after considering Uganda and Argentina .
- Arthur James Balfour met the Belarus-born chemist and Zionist luminary Chaim Weizmann and again in 1906 and 1914, 1915 , 1916, 1917 (when he also met Lord Rothschild) and became a confirmed zionist for multiple reasons. His "his anti-semitic" response (like europes NIMBY ) was no jew immigrants in Britain but send them elsewhere. Palestine suited . here. here.
- In his book 'Balfour's Shadow' David Cronin states: "The main purpose of the Balfour Declaration which facilitated the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, was to stop Jews fleeing Russian pogroms from seeking refuge in Britain. here
- Nov The American Jewish Committee (AJC) a Jewish advocacy group established.
1907 At the 8th world Zionist conference the World Zionist Organisation establish the Palestine office known as the Agriculture Colonisation Department.
1914 World War 1 begins after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
Middle East map at the time, here.
The Assyrian genocide of 1914-1923 begins in Northern Mesopotamia.
Chaim Weizmann, later president of the World Zionist Congress and the first president of the state of Israel said: "In its initial stage Zionism was conceived by its pioneers as a movement wholly depending on mechanical factors: there is a country which happens to be called Palestine, a country without a people, and, on the other hand, there exists the Jewish people, and it has no country.
1915 "Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Cairo, negotiated in 1915-16 with Husain Ibn Ali, the
Hussein-McMahon correspondence 1915 with McMahons actual typed reply 25 oct 1915 here
April 24 recognised as start of Armenian genocide, by Ottoman empire with May 1915 Techir Law "of deportation" at its heart.
July - Mar 1916 Ten letters between Henry McMahon and Hussein Bin Ai promising an Arab state for implementing an Aab revolt . Declaring the revolt July 1916. Most Arabs still supported the Ottoman empire. Lawrence of Arabia becomes part of Britains false promises and betrayal to the Arabs which he felt guity over.
During World War I, the Jewish population declined because of the war, famine, disease and expulsion. In 1915, approximately 83,000 Jews lived in Palestine among 590,000 Muslim and Christian Arabs, here
1916 Jun Arabia declares independence from ottoman Empire
Britain and France agree to divide the Middle East portion of Ottoman Empire giving Palestine to Britain in the Sykes/Pico agreement. here
1917 Nov The Balfour Declaration, written - a letter from from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Walter Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. Favoring the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. Published in the newspaper. in order to win Jewish support for Britain's First World War effort. here. This was to gain jew support ie finance war expense and persuade USA to join. Note; it says nothing shall prejudice the civil and religious rights of non jews ie Palestinian Arabs, which clearly was not kept.
1917-1918 The British invasion of Ottoman-held Palestine in their 3rd and last campaign against Ottoman Empire in WW1.
Jerusalem captured December 1917 requiring need for Palestinian police force created , here.
1918 October . An armistice was signed with the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, bringing an end to the Turkish Army's participation in the war.
1919, A short-lived dependent Kingdom of Syria was established under Emir Faisal I of the Hashemite dynast. Ended in 1920 by the French after a battle with Syrian army at Battle of Maysalun.
June, the American King–Crane Commission arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. They visited 36 major cities, met with more than 2,000 delegations from more than 300 villages, and received more than 3,000 petitions. Their conclusions confirmed the opposition of Syrians to the mandate in their country as well as to the Balfour Declaration, and their demand for a unified Greater Syria encompassing Palestine
1920 April. At a peace conference held in San Remo, Italy , 6 Allied winners divided the former territories of the defeated Ottoman Empire implementing Sykes-Picot agreement . Lebanon and Syria under the French and Palestine and Trans Jordan under the British mandate. Assigning Britain the Mandate for Palestine. wiki
"Jews" found Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary organization in British Mandatory Palestine. It was set up to defend the Yishuv presence in the region originally.
- The League of Nations created to work for the establishment of world peace and the promotion of cooperation among states. Founded in January 1920 disbanded 1946.
1921 April Britain splits British Mandate for Palestine into Palestine and Trans Jordan. The Emirate of Transjordan, now Jordan , was established on in April 1921.
November An Arab delegation of notables visited London in August–November 1921, demanding that the Balfour Declaration be repudiated and proposing the creation of a national government with a parliament democratically elected by the country’s Muslims, Christians, and Jews.
1922 The Council of the League of Nations confirmed the British Mandate for Palestine, thereby giving a stamp of international legitimacy to the United Kingdom's assumption of control over this sensitive piece of territory. Allowing for a Jewish homeland. here. here
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1923 September, France was assigned the League of Nations mandate of Syria, which included the territory of present-day Lebanon and Alexandretta in addition to modern Syria. here
1924 Jacob Israel De Haan Dutch Jewish literary writer and journalist who was assassinated by the zionistv parmilitary Haganah group for his anti-Zionist political activities.
The Palestine Jewish Colonization Association, was established . It played a major role in purchasing land and building Jewish settlement in Palestine and later the State of Israel until the association disbanded in 1957.
1926 The British established a committee in June, to design the Palestine coinage. Which were minted November 1927.
1927 Palistinian Pound was the currency of the British Mandate of Palestine from 1 November 1927 to 14 May 1948, and of the State of Israel between 15 May 1948 and 23 June 1952, when it was replaced with the Israeli Iira. The Palestine pound was also the currency of Transjordan until 1949.
1929 The Palestine riots - Arab and Jews fought over access to the Wailing wall initially but it spread.
The Jewish Agency founded as the operative branch of the World Zionist Organisation. here.
1930 The Pro-Palestine Federation, a Christian pro-Zionist organization which was founded in USA..
Republic of Syria proclaimed.
1931 Irgun Zvai Leumi, (Hebrew: National Military Organization) by name Etzel, Jewish right-wing underground movement in palestine, founded . Perpetrates terrorism against Palestinians to help form Israel.
1933 Jan, Adolf Hitler rises to power in Germany when hes elected as Chancellor of Germany.
Jews anti-nazi boycott instigated here
August, The Haavara Agreement signed between Nazi Germany and Zionist German Jews , finalized after three months of talks by the Zionist Federation of Germany, the Anglo-Palestine Bank (under the directive of the Jewish Agency) and the economic authorities of Nazi Germany. Making possible the migration of approximately 60,000 German Jews to Palestine between 1933 and 1939. here.
Dec The Montevideo Convention. agreement signed December 26, 1933 established the standard definition of a state under international law. According to Article 1 of the Convention, the state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:
1. Permanent population
2. Defined territory
3. Government
4. Capacity to enter into relations with the other states.
Approximately 9.5 million Jews lived in Europe, comprising 1.7% of the total European population. This number represented more than 60 percent of the world's Jewish population at that time, estimated at 15.3 million.
1936 The Arab Revolt of 1936–39. Palestinian Arabs get sick of Britain ignoring their demands. here
Higher National Committee established , was the central political organ of Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine. It was established on the initiative of Haj Amin al-Husayni, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. After the April Jaffa riots they called a general strike from April till October.
1937 As response , the British government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by Lord Peel to assess the cause of the Arab riots and the performance of the Mandatory government. The Peel Commission report published in July recommended for the first time a partition of the land into a Jewish state and an Arab state alongside an international zone, here . The report admitted that the mandate was unworkable because Jewish and Arab objectives in Palestine were incompatible, and it proposed that Palestine be partitioned into three zones: an Arab state, a Jewish state, and a neutral territory containing the holy places.
In September the British declared martial law. The Arab Higher Committee was dissolved, and many officials of the Supreme Muslim Council and other organizations were arrested. The mufti fled to Lebanon and then Iraq. here
1938 With the rejection of Peel proposal by both sides Sir John Woodhead came up with these proposials here
According to a Jewish Agency survey, 77% of Palestinian population growth in Palestine between 1914 and 1938, during which the Palestinian population doubled, was due to natural increase, while 23% was due to immigration. Arab immigration was primarily from bordering countries Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan, and Egypt. here
July 1938 Evian conference in France . 38 countries meet to discuss persecution of Jews by NAZIS, most sympathise but none including Britain wanted to take jew refugees. wiki
1939 White Paper . issued by Britain paper called for the establishment of a Jewish national home in an independent Palestinian state within 10 years, rejecting the Peel Commission's idea of partitioning Palestine. It also limited Jewish immigration to 75,000 for five years and ruled that further immigration would then be determined by the Arab majority (section II). Jews were restricted from buying Arab land in all but 5% of the Mandate (section III).
1940 Stern Gang a zionist extremist terrorist organization founded in Palestine by Avraham Stern , perpetrates terrorism against Palestinians to help form israel.
1941 July Realising expelling jews from Germany becomes impractical, Nazi leader Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring issued orders to Reinhard Heydrich, SS leader and Gestapo chief, to prepare a comprehensive plan for this “final solution.” The Wannsee Conference, held six months later Jan 1942, was attended by 15 Nazi senior bureaucrats made plans for the final solution of the jew problem in Germany.
The Grand Mufti , al-Husseini meets Hitler, on Nov. 28 but the events are unrelated.
Syria declares independence.
The movement's more moderate leaders were replaced with leaders with more aggressive goals.
They reject the British white paper limiting immigration and plan for 2million immigration. here
Dec The Jewish Agency keep the holocaust secret for 3 months until the Allies announce the holocaust of jews by NAZI Germany to the world. Soon after zionist jews attempt to prevent rescue of jews from the holocaust. here
1943 Raphael Lemkin, Polish lawyer of Jewish descent is known for coining the term genocide in 1943 or 1944 and campaigning to establish the Genocide Convention. From two words: genos (Greek: γένος, 'family, clan, tribe, race, stock, kin') and -cide (Latin: -cīdium, 'killing').
1944 The Irgun and Lehi, two Jewish right-wing armed groups, declared a rebellion against British rule and began attacking British administrative and police targets.
SS Officer Otto Adolf Eichmann, offered Jewish leadership in Hungary to save 1,000,000 Hungarian Jews in exchange for goods. He allowed the Jewish community representative Joel Brand to deliver this offer to the British authorities in the Middle East . He met there with the British official lord Moyne Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne - Wikipedia who rejected the offer on the ground that “one: he has no place for so many Jews; two: local Arab population will be very unhappy with such move, which may jeopardize British efforts in the war” here
Grand Mosque of Paris saves about 100 jews from holocaust by giving them muslim identities. potrayed in film "Free Men" here
Syria recognised as independent republic.
1945 WW2 ends.
| Year | Muslims | Christians | Jews | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1922 | 589,177 | 73,024 | 83,790 | 757,182 |
| 1931 | 759,717 | 174,610 | 91,398 | 1,035,821 |
| 1945 | 1,061,270 | 135,550 | 553,600 | 1,764,520 |
June - The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. here
United Nations came into existence on October 24, 1945, after 29 nations had ratified the Charter to prevent further wars.
With Ben-Gurion's approval the Haganah entered into a secret alliance with the Irgun and Lehi called the Jewish Resistance Movement in October 1945 and participated in attacks against the British. June 1946, the British launched Operation Agatha. Irgun carried out the King David Hotel bombing (British administrative headquarters for Mandatory Palestine ) in July 1946, killing 91 people.
1946 Syria gains full independence from French rule when France is forced to withdraw.
1947 British colonial rule and Arabs fearing colonisation, their efforts to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine led to growing sectarian violence between Arabs and Jews, in whats called the 1947-48 civil war , here. Eventually causing the British government to give up and announce its intention to terminate the Mandate .
With the establishment of the British Mandate of Palestine after World War I, the first British census of Palestine in 1922 enumerated a total population of about 750,000, of which 78 percent were Muslim, 11 percent Jewish and 10 percent Christian (Table 1). Nearly 25 years later, before the United Nations’ partition of the Mandate for Palestine, in 1947, the population had grown to nearly 1.8 million, with 60 percent Muslim, 31 percent Jewish and 8 percent Christian. here
1947, November, the United Nations (UN) voted to partition the British mandate of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state (see United Nations Resolution 181). Read resolution here.
- Immediately David Ben-Gurion, here, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel .
Apart from the tiny amount of land they had already bought this required much much more land requiring the forced expulsion of more Palestinians. While the average was 6% land ownership it was up to 30-40 % in some districts which would have been the ones the UN allocated zionist jews. But its still wasnt enough to make the state of Israel that had been declared but wasnt yet legal as it did not have a set defined territory. The Aras didnt want them to have a state. , leading to five neighbouring Arab states [Egypt , Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Transjordan] going to war to drive out zionist jews in the 1st Arab-israeli in 1948-1949. , because they lost to the zionist jews , the jews were able to take more land driving out whole villages often murdering the Arab Palestinians , this is known by the Palestinins as the Nakbar . Afterwards Hagnar para military group then disbanded and was one of the groups that formed the core of the Israeli Defense force [IDF] The Nakbar was the expulsion and flight of 700,000 Palestinians, the related depopulation and destruction of over 500 Palestinian villages by Israeli armed forces [in area mostly not touched by Arab-israeli war] and subsequent geographical erasure, the denial of the Palestinian right of return, the creation of permanent Palestinian refugees, and the "shattering of Palestinian society" . Afterwards Israel controlled seventy-eight percent of Palestine, twenty-two percent more than the UN partition plan.
Sept UN appointed mediator Folke Bernadott assassinated by the zionist terror group Lehi aka Stern Gang. Bernadoot wanted a better deal for Palestine including right of return .. here
Although Patrick Wolfe argues Palestine downfall was not at the nakbar but was in methodical colonisation for decades before here
Modern Hebrew was one of three official languages of Mandatory Palestine, and after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948, one of two official languages of Israel, along with Modern Arabic.
1949 February, Israels parliament the Knesset founded.
May – UNGA adopts Resolution 273 (III) admitting Israel as UN member.
Following the 1948 War, UNRWA (UN Relief and Works Agency) was established by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 to carry out direct relief and works programmes for Palestine refugees. The Agency began operations on 1 May 1950.
In the absence of a solution to the Palestine refugee problem, the General Assembly has repeatedly renewed UNRWA's mandate.
The richest family in the world , the Rothschilds, also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.
TIMELINE SINCE 1949
Israel enacts Law of Return , which gives Jews, people with one or more Jewish grandparent, and their spouses the right to to relocate to Israel and acquire Israeli citizenship. (amended 1970) . Yet according to the halakhic (religious law) definition, a person is Jewish if their mother is Jewish, or if they convert to Judaism. Orthodox Jews reject this applies to the other two strains of Jews (reform and conservative)
Israel's Knesset postpones making a constitution in Harari Decision of June 30, 1950.
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (was established by the Israeli government in 1953 as the "supreme institution for scholarship on the Hebrew language.
Oct, The 2nd Arab-Israeli war. The combined forces of Israel, France, and Britain launched a war against Egypt , who had been aiding Gaza, over colonial control over the Suez canal with the intention to occupy the Sinai Peninsula and to take over the Suez Canal... here
1960, administration of the land held by the JNF-KKL, apart from forested areas, was transferred to a newly formed government agency, the Israel Land Administration (ILA).
The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (1960) states that: All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they may freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. here
War of Attrition (1967–1970) – A limited war fought between the Israeli military and forces of the Egyptian Republic, the USSR, Jordan, Syria, and the Palestine Liberation Organization .
Israel bans the Palestinian flag being flown (just as coloniser Indonesia does of the West Papua flag- yet another UN fuck up after de-colonisation)
Establishment of UN Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories.
Sep known as Black September - After the 1967 Six-Day War, Palestinian fedayeen guerrillas relocated to Jordan and stepped up their attacks against Israel and the Israeli occupied territories. Groups within the PLO began calling for the overthrow of Jordan's Hashemite monarchy, leading to violent clashes in June 1970. After the Dawson's Field hijackings of 6 September 1970 by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) , King Hussein of Jordan perceiving a threat to his monarchy by autonomous PLO expelled the PLO from Jordan. here . PLO established/based themselves wholly in Lebanon and carried out insurgent attacks into Israel.
22 Nov, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence and sovereignty in Palestine and right of return . It also recognised the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
29 Nov United Nations GA resolution 3246 affirms right of armed resistance by oppressed people in pursuit of right of self determination .
The creation of a Palestinian state is only a means for continuing our struggle against the state of Israel for our Arab unity. In reality today there is no difference between Jordanians, Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese. Only for political and tactical reasons do we speak today about the existence of a Palestinian people, since Arab national interests demand that we posit the existence of a “distinct Palestinian people” to oppose Zionism.
UN declares The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People which is observed by the United Nations on or around 29 November each year, in accordance with General Assembly mandates contained in resolutions 32/40 B of 2 December 1977, 34/65 D of 12 December 1979,
Egypt negotiates with Israel at Camp David with a Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel. In 1978 at Camp David negotiations Israel began returning Sinai Peninsula to Egypt from 1979 to fully in 1982.The UN General Assembly rejected the Framework for Peace in the Middle East, because the agreement was concluded without participation of UN and PLO and did not comply with the Palestinian right of return, of self-determination and to national independence and sovereignty.
Israel launches Operation Litani – the first Israeli large-scale invasion of Lebanon, to "drive PLO out".
In the resolution, the Security Council determined: "that the policy and practices of Israel in establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967 have no legal validity and constitute a serious obstruction to achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East".
Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on 30 July 1980 .Although the law did not use the term, the Israeli Supreme Court interpreted the law as an effective annexation of East Jerusalem. The United Nations Security Council condemned the attempted change in status to Jerusalem and ruled the law "null and void" in United Nations Security Council Resolution 478.
Israel passes law forbidding artwork of "political significance" banned artwork composed of its four colours, and Palestinians were arrested for displaying such artwork.
Hezbollah was established in Lebanon by Lebanese clerics in the wake of the 1982 Lebanon War .
The UN General Assembly Resolutions : Resolution 38/17 here
Resolution 38/58 on the question of Palestine, here
Palestinians have a recognized right under international law to resist Israeli occupation under Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions. This right is affirmed in the context of the right of self-determination of all peoples under foreign and colonial rule. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has expressly affirmed the right of Palestinians to resist Israeli military occupation, including through armed struggle. General Assembly resolution A/RES/38/17 (22/11/1983) stated that it "Reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples for their independence, territorial integrity, national unity and liberation from colonial domination, apartheid and foreign occupation by all available means, including armed struggle".
Reiterated in UN resolution 45/130 here
South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) – Nearly 15 years of warfare between the Israel Defense Forces and its Lebanese Christian proxymilitias against Lebanese Muslim guerrilla, led by Iranian-backed Hezbollah,
December 15 , UN General Assembly Resolution 43/177 acknowledged the Palestinian Declaration of Independence of November 1988. Although it still only has non member observer status in the UN since 2012 . Read UNs papers here
USA issues the Wolfowitz doctrine to control the world wiki
Yasser Arafat International Airport in Gaza construction started (from Oslo Accord agreement) - completed in 1998
Further it was reaffirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to self-determination and to sovereignty over their territory.
The Israeli high court ruled that the army's long-standing practice of using Palestinian civilians as human shields in combat is illegal under international law.
2006 Lebanon War (summer 2006) – Began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah.
Isarel launches operation Operation Cast Lead (Dec ) Israel responded to ongoing rocket fire from the Gaza Strip with military force . Israel's stated aim was to stop such rocket fire from
Current PM Benjamin Netanyahu is re-elected. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton voiced support for the establishment of a Palestinian state – a solution not endorsed by prime minister-designate Benjamin Netanyahu . During President Obama's Cairo speech on 4 June 2009 in which Obama addressed the Muslim world, Obama stated, among other things, "The United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements." Netanyahu said that any furtherance of negotiations with the Palestinians would be conditioned on the Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state. here
Israel's operation Pillar of Defense ironically means invading Gaza again
The resolution states that Israel's settlement activity in "Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem" constitutes a "flagrant violation" of international law and has "no legal validity". It demands that Israel stop such activity and fulfill its obligations as an occupying power under the Fourth Geneva Convention.
Israel declares Hebrew as he only official language of Israel .
The Gaza border protests, also known as the Great March of Return were a series of demonstrations held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Gaza-Israel border from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019. Largely unarmed and non violent none the less 223 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces
As at July 31 of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 138 (71.5%) have recognised the State of Palestine .
A major outbreak of violence in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict commenced on 10 May 2021, and continued until a ceasefire came into effect on 21 May. Beginning with protest over Palestinian evictions it escalated by both sides, here
2020 Abraham Accords, series of agreements to normalize relations between Israel and several Arab states.
Nov Likud party with Benjamin Netanyahu's leader makes up the most far right wing coalition government in Israel ever seen. .In one of the many agreements signed before the government took office, Netanyahu promised the Religious Zionism party, one of his main coalition partners, to annex the occupied West Bank.
July , The Israeli Knesset parliament on Monday passed a law stripping the Supreme Court of its power to block government decisions, the first part of a planned judicial overhaul. This is intended to stop court holding the government to account - this is in effect democracy reduction..
Sept, Zionist Papa New Guinea becomes 5th country to open embassy in Jerusalem
Oct 7 Al-Qassam and Palestinians break out of Gaza strip and capture 200 + Israelis and foreigners as hostages to bargain for more release of hostages held by Israeli (Palestinians without cause and trial in Israeli prisons). about 1000 Israelis are killed half of which are military and many of the remaining civilians the IDF killed many.
- Netanyahu says "Israel is at war" in a speech. I do not think this is an actual declaration as its an implication in a long speech that only mentions Palestine. And foretells the genocide to come. He also by saying they were not at war before means admits they are occupying Palestine territory and Palestine is resisting . here
Oct 10 Israel launches Operation Swords of Iron beginning with bombardment of Gaza.
In the West Bank, Israeli forces in 2023 killed 492 Palestinians, including 120 children. A place where no Al-Qassam does not operate nor Hamas govern , but apartheid is imposed and where land is lost year to illegal settlements. here about 220 of those since 7 Oct.
Oct 13 A leaked document produced by Israel's intelligence ministry has recommended the ethnic cleansing of Gaza with the enclave's 2.3 million Palestinian population expelled to Egypt's Sinai peninsula, here , here .
- Israel shuts of water , power and food the Gaza to collectively punish Gaza . This a war crime.
Nov International criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Benjamin Netanyahu for committing genocide. Wanted for war crimes and Arrest warrant issued
Terms
Armistice is a formal agreement between warring parties to stop fighting
Britain - short for Great Britain is the countries of England , Wales and Scotland
Circa , represented as c means approximately
Middle East and the Near East are the same area used interchangeably
Nation community of people formed on the basis of a common language, territory, ethnicity etc
Nation-state is a nation which has the same borders as a State.
Palestinian fedayeen are militants or guerrillas of a nationalist orientation from among the Palestinian people. First formed in the 1960s .
Pogrom is an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group.
Secular means not connected with religious/spiritual matters
State is a community formed by people and exercising permanent power (government) within a specified territory.
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
Zion in the Old Testament, the easternmost of the two hills of ancient Jerusalem. It was the site of the Jebusite city captured by David, king of Israel and Judah, in the 10th century BCE
BCE=BC [before christ]
CE = AD [Anno Domini = the year of our lord]
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